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Focus: SPA Perspectives

Explore expert perspectives, in-depth analysis, and real-world stories shaping national security.

Closing the Gap Between Demand and Capacity in Naval Force Design
Closing the Gap Between Demand and Capacity in Naval Force Design
There is more demand for the Navy than the current force can meet. Today’s force is overused and as a result under-maintained.

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From Overconfidence to Realism: Overcoming Bias in Early Cost Forecasting
From Overconfidence to Realism: Overcoming Bias in Early Cost Forecasting

In March 2025, Systems Planning & Analysis (SPA) experts Patrick Malone and Christina Snyder, ICEAA Board President and SPA’s Fellow for Cost Estimation and Analysis,

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